• to study a highly interesting phenomenon which seems to be in the core of human cognition and to bring students to the cutting edge research in the field; this particular field is far from becoming rigid and dogmatic, there are more open questions than answers, there are alternative models and a lot of controversial opinions;
• to present an in-depth example of modelling a particular cognitive process, starting with psychological data, proceeding with developing theoretical and computer models, performing simulation and psychological experiments for validation of the models;
• to present examples of symbolic, connectionist, and hybrid models;
• to develop skills in reading scientific papers, writing commentaries on them, giving presentations at seminars, planing experiments and simulations which would test the models and theories.

• demonstrate familiarity with various models of analogy as well as with the central concepts and ideas in analogy modelling
• debate and discuss theoretical issues and concepts as well as evaluate the psychological validity of models
• demonstrate a detailed and critical understanding of research papers ó both theoretical and experimental, identify and explain significant developments and contradictions
• present arguments and evidence coherently in verbal and written form
• critically evaluate particular models of analogy
• plan experiments and simulations which would test particular models and theories

P., Mental Leaps, MIT Press, 1995.

[Fluid] Hofstadter,

D., Fluid Concepts and Creative Analogies, Basic Books, NY, 1995.

[ACNCT] Holyoak, Barnden,

Advances in Connectionist and Neural Computation Theory, vol.2, Analogical Connections, Ablex, 1993.

[SAR] Vosniadou, S., Ortony, A. (eds.),

Similarity and Analogical Reasoning, New York, NY: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1989.

[Children] Goswami, U. (1992),

Analogical Reasoning in Children, Erlbaum, Hilsdale.

[PI]†Holland, J., Holyoak, K., Nisbett, R., Thagard, P. R. (1986),

Induction, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

[CopyCat] Mitchell, M. (1994),

Analogy as Perception, MIT Press, 1994.

[TableTop] French, R.,

Tabletop: An Emergent, Stochastic Computer Model of Analogy-Making, MIT Press, 1995.

[APS] Keane, M. (1988),

Analogical Problem Solving, Chichester: Ellis Horwood Limited.

[AR] Helman,

Analogical Reasoning, Kluwer, 1988.

[A] Prieditis A. (ed.),

Analogica, London: Pitman, 1988.

Halford, G. (1993),

Childrenís Understanding: The Development of Mental Models, Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

• the analogy phenomenon ñ types of analogy, psychological facts;
• analogy models and discussing different models of analogy;
• concluding discussions and comparative analysis of the models, what is missing in analogy models?

The Analogy Phenomenon

Topic 1: Examples of Analogy. Types of Analogy. Basic components of Analogy-Making.
Required reading:

• Kokinov, B., Analogy-Making: Psychological Data and Computational Models. In: Kokinov, B. (ed.) Perspectives on Cognitive Science, vol. 2, NBU Press, 1996.
• Hall, R. (1989) Computational Approaches to Analogical Reasoning: A Comparative Analysis, AI, vol. 39, pp. 39-120.

Additional reading:

• Holyoak, K., Thagard, P. ñ Mental Leaps. MIT Press, 1995, Chapters 6-9.
• Clement, J. (1988) Observed Methods for Generating Analogies in Scientific Problem Solving. Cognitive Science, vol. 12, pp. 563-586.

Analogy Models

Topic 2: Mapping: Structure-Mapping Theory
Required reading:

• Gentner, D. (1983) Structure-Mapping: A Theoretical Framework for Analogy, Cognitive Science 7(2), pp. 155-170
• Falkenhainer, B., Forbus, K., Gentner, D. (1986) The Structure Mapping Engine, AAAI-86, Los Altos, CA: Morgan-Kaufman
• Gentner, D. (1989) The Mechanisms of Analogical Learning. In: Vosniadou, S., Ortony, A. (eds.) Similarity and Analogical Reasoning, New York, NY: Cambridge Univ. Press

Additional reading:

• Gentner, D. & Markman, A. (1997). Structure Mapping in Analogy and Similarity. American Psychologist, 52 (1), 45-56.
• Clement, C., Gentner, D. (1991). Systematicity as a Selection Constraint in Analogical Mapping. Cognitive Science, 15, pp. 89-132

Topic 3: Mapping: Constraint-Satisfaction Theory
Required reading:

• [ACME]†Holyoak, K. & Thagard, P. (1989b) Analogical Mapping by Constraint Satisfaction. Cognitive Science, vol. 13, pp. 295-355
• [Leaps] Holyoak, Thagard, P. ñ Mental Leaps. MIT Press, 1995 Chapters 2 and 10

Topic 4: Mapping: Incremental Analogy Machine
Required reading:

• Keane, M. (1994). Constraints on Analogical Mapping: A Comparison of Three Models. Cognitive Science, 18, pp. 387-438

Additional reading:

• Keane, M. (1988) Analogical Problem Solving. Chichester: Ellis Horwood Limited

Topic 5: Retrieval: ARCS and MAC/FAC
Required reading:

• Thagard, P., Holyoak, K., Nelson, G., Gochfeld, D. (1990). Analog Retrieval by Constraint Satisfaction. Artificial Intelligence, vol. 46, pp. 259-310.
• Forbus K., Gentner D. & Law, K (1995). MAC/FAC: A Model of Similarity-Based Retrieval. Cognitive Science, 19, pp. 141-205.

Additional reading:

• Gick, M. & Holyoak, K. (1980), Analogical Problem Solving, Cognitive Psychology 12(3), pp. 306-356
• Wharton, C., Holyoak, K., Lange, T. (1996). Remote Analogical Reminding. Memory & Cognition, 24 (5), 629-643.
• Gentner, D. & Landers, R. (1985). Analogical Reminding: A Good Match is Hard to Find. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Tucson AR.

Topic 6: Structural and Surface Similarity in Mapping and Retrieval
Required reading:

• Holyoak, K. & Koh, K. (1987) Surface and Structural Similarity in Analogical Transfer. Memory and Cognition, vol. 15(4), pp. 332-340
• Ross, B. (1987). This is Like That: The Use of Earlier Problems and the Separation of Similarity Effects. JEP: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 13 (4), 629-639.
• Ross, B. (1989). Distinguishing Types of Superficial Similarities: Different Effects on the Access and Use of Earlier Problems. JEP: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 15 (3), 456-468.

Additional reading:

• Ross, B. (1996). Category Representations and the Effects of Interacting with Instances. JEP: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 22 (5), 1249-1265.
• Ross, B. & Kilbane, M. (1997). Effects of Principle Explanation and Superficial Similarity on Analogical Mapping in Problem Solving. JEP: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 23 (2), 427-440.

Topic 7: Priming and Context Effects on Retrieval and Mapping
Required reading:

• Kokinov, B. (1990) Associative Memory-Based Reasoning: Some Experimental Results. Proceedings of the Cognitive Science Conference, Lawrence Erlbaum
• Kokinov, B., Yoveva, M. ñ Context Effects on Problem Solving. In: Proceedings of the 18th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society. Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ, 1996.
• Kokinov, B., Hadjiilieva, K., Yoveva, M. ñ Explicit vs. Implicit Hint: Which one is more Useful?. In: Kokinov, B. (ed.) ñ Perspectives on Cognitive Science. Vol. 3. NBU Press, Sofia, 1997.
• Schunn, C., Dunbar, K. (1996). Priming, Analogy, and Awareness in Complex Reasoning. Memory and Cognition, vol. 24(3), pp. 271-284
• Spencer, R., Weisberg, R. (1986). Context-Dependent Effects on Analogical Transfer. Memory and Cognition, vol. 14(5), pp. 442-449
• Catrambone, R., Holyoak, K. (1989). Overcoming Contextual Limitations on Problem-Solving Transfer. JEP: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, vol. 15(6), pp. 1147-1156

Additional reading:

• Kokinov, B., A Dynamic Theory of Implicit Context. In: Proceedings of the 2nd European Conference on Cognitive Science. Univ. of Manchester Press, 1997.
• Kokinov,†B.†, A Dynamic Approach to Context Modeling. In: P. Brezillon & S. Abu-Hakima (eds.) Proceedings of the IJCAI-95 Workshop on Modeling Context in Knowledge Representation and Reasoning. LAFORIA 95/11, 1995.
• Adams, L., Kasserman, J., Yearwood, A., Perfetto, G., Bransford, J., Franks, J. (1988). Memory Access: The effects of Fact-Oriented versus Problem-Oriented Acquisition. Memory and Cognition, 16(2), pp. 167-175
• Reeves, L., Weisberg, R. (1994). The Role of Content and Abstract Information in Analogical Transfer. Psychological Bulletin, 115(3), pp. 381-400
• Ross, B., Ryan, W., Tenpenny, P. (1989). The Access of Relevant Information for Solving Problems. Memory and Cognition, 17(5), pp. 639-651

Topic 8: AMBR: An Integrated and Interactionist Model of Mapping and Retrieval
Required reading:

• Kokinov, B. (1994) A Hybrid Model of Reasoning by Analogy. In:†Holyoak, Barnden - Advances in Connectionist and Neural Computation Theory, vol.2, Analogical Connections. Ablex
• Kokinov, B. - The DUAL Cognitive Architecture: A Hybrid Multi-Agent Approach. In: A. Cohn (ed.) Proceedings of ECAIí94. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., London, 1994.
• Kokinov, B. - The Context-Sensitive Cognitive Architecture DUAL. In: Proceedings of the 16th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society. Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ, 1994.
• Petrov, A., Kokinov, B. ñ Influence of Mapping on Analog Access: A Simulation Experiment with AMBR. In: Proceedings of the European Conference on Cognitive Modeling. 1998.

Topic 9: Analogical Transfer, Evaluation, and Learning
Required reading:

• Holyoak, K., Novick, L., Melz, E. (1994). Component Process in Analogical Transfer: Mapping, Pattern Completion, and Adaptation. In:†Holyoak, Barnden ó Advances in Connectionist and Neural Computation Theory, vol.2, Analogical Connections. Ablex
• Kokinov, B. (1994) A Hybrid Model of Reasoning by Analogy. In:†Holyoak, Barnden ó Advances in Connectionist and Neural Computation Theory, vol.2, Analogical Connections. Ablex
• Gick, M. & Holyoak, K. (1983) Scheme Induction and Analogical Transfer, Cognitive Psychology 15(1), pp. 1-38

Topic 10: CopyCat and TableTop: Integrated and Interactive Models of Mapping and Perception
Required reading:

• Chalmers, D., French, R., Hofstadter, D. (1992) High-Level Perception, Representation, and Analogy: A Critique of Artificial Intelligence Methodology. JETAI, vol. 4(3), reprinted in: Kokinov (ed.) Perspectives on Cognitive Science, vol. 1, NBU Press.
• Hofstadter, D. & Mitchell, M. (1994) The Copycat Project: A Model of Mental Fluidity and Analogy-Making. In:†Holyoak, Barnden ó Advances in Connectionist and Neural Computation Theory, vol.2, Analogical Connections. Ablex

Additional reading:

• French, R., Hofstadter, D. (1991) Tabletop: An Emergent, Stochastic Model of Analogy-Making. In: Proceedings of the 13th Annual Cognitive Science Conference, reprinted in: Kokinov (ed.) Perspectives on Cognitive Science, vol. 1, NBU Press.
• Hofstadter, D., French, R., (1992) Probing the Emergent Behavior of Tabletop. In: Proceedings of the 14th Annual Cognitive Science Conference, reprinted in: Kokinov (ed.) Perspectives on Cognitive Science, vol. 1, NBU Press.

Topic 11: Distributed Representation Model of Retrieval and Mapping: LISA
Required reading:

• Hummel, J. & Holyoak, K. (1997). Distributed Representations of Structure: A Theory of Analogical access and Mapping. Psychological Review, 104 (3), 427-466.

Topic 12: Integrating Analogy with other Kinds of Reasoning
Required reading:

• Holyoak, K. & Thagard, P. (1989a) A Computational Model of Analogical Problem Solving. In: Vosniadou, S., Ortony, A. (eds.) Similarity and Analogical Reasoning, New York, NY: Cambridge Univ. Press
• Nelson, G., Thagard, P., Hardy, S. (1994). Integrating Analogy with Rules and Explanations. In:Holyoak, Barnden. Advances in Connectionist and Neural Computation Theory, vol.2, Analogical Connections. Ablex
• Kokinov, B. (1992) Inference Evaluation in Deductive, Inductive, and Analogical Reasoning. Proceedings of the Cognitive Science Conference, Lawrence Erlbaum
• Halford, G. (1992). Analogical Reasoning and Conceptual Complexity in Cognitive Development. Human Development, 35, 193-217.

Topic 13: Development of Analogical Reasoning: Chimpansees, Infants, and Children
Required reading:

• Holyoak, K., Thagard, P. Mental Leaps. MIT Press, 1995, Chapters 3 and 4
• Goswami, U. (1992) Analogical Reasoning in Children. Erlbaum, Hilsdale. Chapters 1-3, 5, 6

Additional reading:

• Halford, G. (1993) Childrenís Understanding: The Development of Mental Models. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Chapter: Analogy
• Gillan, D., Premack, D., Woodruff, G. (1981). Reasoning in Chimpanzee: I. Analogical Reasoning. JEP: Animal Behavior Processes, 7 (1), 1-17.
• Gentner, D. & Toupin, C. (1986). Systematicity and Surface Similarity in the Development of Analogy, Cognitive Science 10, pp. 277-300.

Topic 14: Brain Mechanisms for Analogy-Making
Required reading:

• Robin, N., Holyoak, K. (1995). Relational Complexity and the Functions of Prefrontal Cortex. In: Gazzaniga, M. (ed.) The Cognitive Neurosciences. MIT Press.

Topic 15: Student-Selected Models or Experiments
Additional reading:

• Hammond, K. (1990) Case-Based Planning: A Framework for Planning from Experience, Cognitive Science 14, pp. 385-443
• Kolodner, J. & Simpson, R. (1989) The MEDIATOR: Analysis of an Early Case-Based Problem Solver, Cognitive Science 13, pp.†507-549
• Burstein, Combining Analogies in Mental Models. In: Helman (ed.) Analogical Reasoning, Kluwer, 1988 Carbonell, J. (1986) Derivational Analogy: A Theory of Reconstructive Problem Solving and Experience Acquisition. In: Michalski, Carbonell, Mitchell (eds.) Mach. Learning II, Los Altos, CA: Morgan-Kaufman
• Veloso, M. (1994). PRODIGY/ANALOGY: Analogical Reasoning in General Problem Solving. In: Wess, S., Althoff, K., Richter, M. (eds.) Topics in Case-Based Reasoning. Berlin: Springer.
• Rumelhart, D. (1989) Toward a Microstructural Account of Human Reasoning. In: Vosniadou, S., Ortony, A. (eds.) Similarity and Analogical Reasoning, New York, NY: Cambridge Univ. Press
• Anderson, J. R., Thompson, R. ó Use of Analogy in a Production System Architecture. In: [SAR]

Discussion

Topic 16: Concluding discussion: Comparative analysis of the models, modelsí validity, scaling up, limitations. Open Issues.

• 20% on each written paper
• 20% on participation in group discussions